Is It Serious Cyber Bullying Essay - 1175 Words

Topic: Cyberbulling is Very Serious Cyber bullying by definition is the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. This occurs mainly among young people ages between 13- 18. Base on my research I found out in the past decade, there have been multiple cyberbullying cases that ended with the victims taking their own lives. I believe there is more we can do to help with this issue. There is information out there that is accessible to us so we can play a role in helping to decrease or stop cyber bulling. While reading some of the stories where these young people take their own lives I got very emotional. In an article from a website nobulling.com Top Six Unforgettable Cyberbulling cases â€Å"Hope Sitwell age thirteen who hanged herself after a picture of her breasts that she â€Å"sexted† to her boyfriend was shared amongst students at six different schools in area of Ruskin, Florida, friends and family told CNN. Hope never told her parents about the â€Å"Hope Hater Page† that was started on MySpace that led to additional cyber bullying† (Top Six Unforgettable Cyberbulling cases, Hope Sitwell). Another story from the above website, â€Å"In October 2012, ABC News reported that the video Amanda Todd had posted to YouTube had been viewed more than 17 million times. In the video entitled â€Å"My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self harm,† the British Columbia teenager uses flash cards to tell about her experiencesShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying Is A Serious Problem1569 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media, entertainment, and study purposes. What is behind the internet that we do not realize? Bullying comes in many different forms whether getting targeted on the playground, at work, or even on the internet. Bullying is a violent and harmful act. This violence has been around for as long as schools have been around, but bullying has increased elsewhere. The act of cyberbullying, which is bullying that takes place on any form of technology, is expanding abundantly, with â€Å"more than one out ofRead MoreThe Internet and Cyberbullying Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesC yber Bullying Nowadays, the Internet is regarded as the most widely used source of social media and the fastest way to exchange knowledge and information all over the world, playing a vital role in everyone’s daily life. The internet has countless functions, useful for everyday work and entertainment, but it is being abused by people nowadays. One of the ways it is being abused is by cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when people use the internet to make fun of others, belittle them, andRead MoreIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1683 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Problem Bullying has been an ongoing problem all over the world for as long as people can remember. Bullying by definition is, to use superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is a very serious problem, victims of bullying are more prone to depression. Bullying does not affect just one group, it can happen to anyone making it a prevalent threat to all of society. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school everyRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Action Of Harassing Or Harming People Using Technology945 Words   |  4 PagesCyber bullying is an action of harassing or harming people using technology. It is increasing with the increasing technology. People of all ages are victims for this where majority of them are teenagers. It includes posting rumors or gossip about a person and insulting them or sometimes it may include morphing of their photos and posting them in social media networks to embarrass them. A victim can t cyber predict the cyber bully and is difficult to know that person. A cyber bully can be any unknownRead MoreEssay on Different Kinds of Bullying1017 Words   |  5 PagesBullying, in its many forms, is becoming an extremely hazardous problem that many individuals endure. Bullies torment others because they themselves have insecurities, have been bullied themselves, or have a mental illness that brings out the worst in them. Nevertheless, bullying can physically and emotionally destroy the victim, whether it is by physical abuse, cyber bullying, or verbal abuse. Nowadays, physical bullying is becoming a very serious and detrimental problem. Not only does physicalRead MoreCyber Bullying is a Crime Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 Pagesonline bullying has quadrupled (M. Ross, 3). The technology has given bullies a whole another proposal for their actions; virtual name-calling can have harsh effects on the security of kids and teens in today’s society. An online bully is someone who sends messages via technology, hides behind that keyboard and uses words or pictures to embarrass and bully their target. The online bully’s goal is to make their target feel weak; these online bullies can be referred to as a cyber bully. Cyber bullyingRead MoreResearch Paper-Bullying1614 Words   |  7 PagesBullying â€Å"Words will never hurt me† used to be just an expression, but now bullying has gotten so bad that words really do hurt, this is known as â€Å"bullicide†. Many children, teens, and even some adults are victims of physical, verbal, or cyber bullying. Bullying affects victims negatively and can sometimes lead to suicide. Children, parents, and teachers need to work to prevent and end bullying. Bullying is a serious issue that has numerous causes and effects that can sometimes be life changingRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Health Implications1118 Words   |  5 Pagesdays, the chance of getting cyber bullying has been increased as well. And this is because of accessibility to social media such as Facebook, Instragram and Twitter and widely spread of mobile phones. According to recent town newspaper ‘Cockatoo Rest News’, two teenage age suicides attributed to cyber bullying. In this report various section will be covered about cyber bulling. Since this report is aimed to increase awareness of cyber bullying and to prevent cyber bullying in Cockatoo rest, report willRead More Cyber Bullying Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesintentionally to hurt does serious damage on young minds who are striving to develop a sense of identity. This was the case when â€Å"13-year-old Ryan Patrick Halligan kill[ed] himself after months of harassment, including instant messages calling him gay† (Billitteri.) Cyber bullying is much more dangerous than traditional bullying, and should be punished with much stricter guide lines, not just within schools but within criminal courts as well. Traditional bullying was done on school groundsRead MoreBullying Effects900 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and Effects of Bullying Every year, approximately 7 percent of students report to being bullied (â€Å"Physical†). Most people know bullying is wrong, but it continues to play a dominating role in the lives of adolescents. Whether the bullying was done by spreading rumors, calling someone names or through the Internet, there are many different causes of bullying, why it occurs, and how it effects the victim. The causes of bullying can influence how the bully decides to target a victim. Victims

Writing Reflection Essay - 631 Words

Writing is an activity which allows me to express thoughts I can not always verbalize. I enjoy writing, but typically need time to get my thoughts in order. The benefit to writing down my thoughts, as opposed to speaking them, is that I can edit and decide if my written words match my thoughts. In the following paragraphs, I will look at the class assignments and appraise them to determine what I have learned this semester. The first three topics we were assigned to write about were personal narrative, evaluation and argument. Our first assignment was to write a personal narrative, and I chose to write about what I have learned from my family. This was a fun paper to write, and I later shared it with my family. I enjoyed letting them know†¦show more content†¦This was more challenging than I thought it would be because initially, I wrote more of a justification than an evaluation. I could have chosen to rewrite this paper using an easier topic to evaluate, such as which airl ine is better or what is the best sport. However, I wanted to continue to evaluate my feelings about working in an animal shelter. Figuring out how to make this topic work as an evaluation would be a weakness, but I believe I turned it in to a strength by clarifying my thoughts and feelings about this job option. I’m still not sure if I completed the assignment as it was intended. Nevertheless, I’m pleased with the results, and I intend to use this paper as part of my cover letter when I apply for a job. The third assignment was an argument, and I enjoyed this topic the most. I chose to write about why I believe same-sex marriage should be legal. I adamantly believe in the right and equality of marriage for every human, and it is obviously a contentious current event. I believe my strength in this assignment is my ability to state my beliefs in a rational and relevant way. My weakness in this paper was in citing the sources I used in my research. In the twenty years si nce I have been in college, I have rarely needed to write a paper which required me to recognize other authors or documents. Thus, I was not all sure about how to setShow MoreRelatedA Reflection On My Writing811 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Sayed Aasim Qadri I wasn t looking forward to taking English 4U despite the fact that I am a voracious reader and enjoy engaging in discussions surrounding novels that I have read or currently am reading, but conversely, I absolutely abhorred English due to my experiences in high school. Back then, English was a long list of stylistic devices, poetry analysis, and monotonous written assignments. It seemed that we spent so much time learning how to write analytically that it consequentlyRead MoreWriting Reflection Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesWriting a decent essay is as tedious, nerve racking, and strenuous as constructing a layer cake from scratch. First you have to decide that you are going to tackle this feat, and that can be your biggest challenge, motivation. Then you have, you must figure out what kind of cake batter you want to use. Collect all the ingredients to mesh together well, making each layer at a time. You throw all the layers together hoping that somehow they will come together to form a nifty design. But, they don’tRead MoreReflection Of My Writing Process890 Words   |  4 PagesReflection of my Writing process People have many ways that they write. Some do a process of doing drafts so they can look through, edit and make the paper better. Others will just write a paper and turn it in. My process consist of starting with making a thesis. Then from the thesis I create the topic sentences for the topic at hand. The best way to write the essay in a good format and have good detail in the writing I would write a paragraph a day. By doing that process it allows me to get whatRead MoreReflections On Intro On College Writing1408 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage. Wicazo Sa Review 15.2 (2000): 103-10. Web 991278336 11 Reflections on Intro To College Writing. Writing has always been essential to becoming the person I am today. I ve been writing sketch comedy and stand-up comedy for about six years, and recently I ve been working on writing music. I love writing because it is an umbrella term that covers a wide range of topics. I learned from this class many of the things that writing can accomplish. For example, in the first text I read, Nick WalkerRead MoreReflection Paper On Writing And Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesWriting has consistently been a shortcoming throughout my life. The content of my paper was typically not the issue, the organization of the ideas was. I always had good ideas to write about, but I never knew how to organize those thoughts into a well-organized paper. Although in Writing 101, I used the multiple steps of the writing process to insert my ideas into a well-written paper, I continued to struggle in areas such as grammar and mechanics. In Writ 102, I was able to realize that the writingRead MoreReflection Ab out Writing703 Words   |  3 PagesStarting a paper may be hard but once you start, the writing flows naturally. Taking the first steps and finally sitting down to write something for the first time deserves that fearless attitude you get whenever you start something new. There are several words to use, beginning with one, will light the fire you need. Everyone must start somewhere. Now, stopping may also be difficult after you finally get started. My prior experiences with writing have been effected by many reasons. One of those reasonsRead MorePortfolio Writing Review And Reflection893 Words   |  4 PagesPortfolio Writing Review and Reflection When I started this class, I never thought I was a â€Å"good† writer. Ironically, after this class, I have learned how to be an organized writer and the term â€Å"good† is extremely unclear and subjective. From the short stories and questions to the individual essays, each assignment helped me practice and develop my writing skills. Overall, I think my writing has improved and the process of writing, something I often over looked, has immensely helped my writing. My literacyRead MoreReflection On My Writing Skills987 Words   |  4 PagesReflection My writing skills which I have worked on over the few months I have been in English 102 have changed quite a bit in my opinion. There are many things which I have improved upon that were amongst my weaker writing skills when the year began. On the opposite side of that point, there are also many things which I still need to improve upon if I want to truly elevate my writing to a level that I will be confident in. Finally, I have gained new skills outside of writing from this class, particularlyRead MoreReflection To Writing Piece. As Writing My Piece, I There970 Words   |  4 PagesReflection to Writing Piece As writing my piece, I there were definite challenges and successes. These challenges and successful moments reminded me in my own journey as a student writer to an adult writer. In working with a group, I also found definitive successes and challenges. However, writing is an ever changing and growing craft and this process was part of my personal journey as both a teacher and a student. The first part of my reflection, includes my personal journey and how it relatesRead MoreWriting Self-Reflection Essay716 Words   |  3 Pagesgrowth. I have really learned to enjoy the writing process and the workout of just writing. When I started the course I had not worked out in such a long time. My muscles had started dystrophy they were weak. My muscles had had never been worked out like this before. I had no real understanding how to work them out. Or where to go once I had started to work out. Now I have a drive to work out every day. I have fallen in lust with where my muscles (writing) are taking me. The ability to just flex

Construction Safety Management

Question: Discuss about the Construction Safety Management. Answer: Introduction Safety is a very important factor in construction industry. It can affect the quality of the final structure being built, the speed of project completion, the overall project cost and reputation of the construction company. To ensure safety throughout the project period, it requires all stakeholders involved in the construction project to hold paramount the safety of workers, the general public and the environment. This can only be achieved if there is proper understanding and planning for safety. The client, engineers, consultants, project managers, contractors, suppliers and site workers need to understand the details of safety management and their role towards ensuring safety on construction sites. The problem sometimes is that clients and engineers focus more on completing the project faster and at a lower cost without putting more emphasis on the safety and health of those people who are directly or indirectly involved in the activities going on the site (Design and Build, 2015) . Hence this research will be analyzing the details of construction safety management, including the strategies, challenges, opportunities and developments related to this topic. Construction industry is among industries that record the highest number of injuries and deaths each year worldwide. One of the major reasons for these is that most of the construction works involve use of heavy, moving and risky machines; working from heights; and working in challenging environments. These injuries and deaths are usually caused by falls, slips and trips; falls from height; handling and lifting; struck by objects; caught-in/between; and electrocution (Health and Safety Executive, 2016). Some of the questions in this research are: what factors hinder implementation of effective construction safety management systems? What are the impacts of construction safety management? What are some of the construction safety management systems that are being used today? What are some of the strategies that stakeholders in the construction industry are using to improve safety? What are governments doing to ensure that safety on construction sites is improved? What are the social, e conomic and environmental impacts of construction safety management The main aim of this research is to develop more effective management strategies that can be used to improve safety in the construction sector. The objectives of the research are to: ensure that top management gets committed to develop feasible safety management programs and appropriate health and safety policies; ensure that relevant stakeholders in the sector get proper safety education and training; develop ways of conducting accident-prevention inspections on sites; identify ways of ensuring that accidents are properly investigated to determine their cause; hold accountable those in authority; provide a safe and healthy working environment; provide adequate support to workers; maintain proper records and documentation of construction accidents; train workers on how to identify, mitigate and report risks; and identify ways of measuring the performance and effectiveness of safety management strategies and/or systems. The topic of construction safety management is very important in the construction industry because of its numerous potential benefits. Some of these include: reducing the number of injuries and deaths in the construction industry; reducing the number of delays during construction; reducing project completion period; increasing productivity of workers; and avoiding construction budget overruns, among others. Literature Review Construction workers usually perform activities that expose them to a wide range of risks. These risks include: falling from heights such as rooftops, being struck by falling objects or heavy machines, being hit or cut by unguarded machines, using hazardous materials such as asbestos and silica dust, electrocution, etc. The jobsites are generally complex environments and workers from different fields of professions meet in these challenging physical environments to complete a project. All these make construction industry a high hazard sector in all parts of the world (Burger, 2016). If workers are not careful, they can easily hurt or even kill themselves. However, the likelihood and number of these risks can be reduced if proper safety management systems and strategies are put in place by key stakeholders in the construction industry. The construction sector has experienced profound changes over the last few decades. These changes include the complexity of projects, changes in environmental or jobsite conditions, construction methods, design and communication tools used (Marr, 2016), methods of project delivery, use of new and unfamiliar building materials and technologies (Thatcher Associates, 2016), increased use of prefabrication, increased interest in green design and building (The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2010), increased use of multifunctional mobile machines on site, etc. Most of the activities in the construction industry are now being automated (Wursten and Hodel, 2015). All these changes have significant impact on safety management on construction sites. This is because the changes have unique challenges that most of the stakeholders in the sector are unfamiliar with. It requires them to learn, develop and implement new techniques of ensuring safety on site. This requires a lot of res ources including time, money and personnel. Construction safety management entails developing a system that can identify hazards and manage risks that are associated with construction activities. This includes the policies of the company, systems, procedures and accountabilities that will assist in ensuring that appropriate precautions are put in place and properly maintained so as to improve safety of all persons involved in construction activities, either directly or indirectly. There are four main components and/or procedures of an effective safety management systems. First, it is the ability to identify all possible safety hazards that are related to the construction activities being performed by the company. This is followed by assessing the risks that are related to each of the hazards. Second, it is to develop and implement risk management techniques that will keep all risks within acceptable limits. The aim should be to keep all risks at zero level. Third, it is to monitor the performance and effectiveness of the safet y management system continuously. This can be done by comparing the number of accidents, injuries or fatalities that occurred before and after implementation of the system. The evaluation has to be done regularly so as to have a better understanding of the systems performance. Fourth, it is to continuously improve the system so as to avoid as more hazards as possible and keep their associated risks at very low levels (Burger, 2016). Following the susceptibility of construction workers to accidents and injuries, most countries have made it mandatory for construction firms to promote and uphold safe working environments. For example, construction companies are required to make it mandatory for all persons on a site to be in proper personal protective equipment depending on the activity they are doing. Government agencies usually conduct impromptu inspections to find out how companies are implementing these rules. Those who violet the requirements are usually fined heavily and can even lose their business licenses. All these demonstrate how serious the issue of safety management is in the construction sector. McGraw Hill Construction (2013) states that construction companies and contractors who have used safety management systems have recorded the following benefits: decreased project schedule, higher project return on investment (ROI), decreased project budget, reduced injury rates, improved reputation, improved project quality, and increased capability of contracting new work. Nevertheless, only a few construction companies are enjoying all these benefits. It is requires proper planning and coordination and substantial resources to enjoy the benefits. All stakeholders in the construction industry should understand and play their roles appropriately in order to achieve optimal safety on jobsites. Developers/clients should factor in workplace safety and health (WSH) perform when choosing the design team, contractors and consultants and compel them to adopt measures of prioritizing and improving WSH performance. Architects and designers should work with all key stakeholders in identifying possible construction hazards and develop techniques of mitigating their related risks during design stage. They should also inform contractors about residual risks. Contractors should ensure that adequate resources are located for WSH and also ensure continuous improvement of their WSH management systems. Resident engineers, project managers, supervisors, clerks of works and workers should be vigilant and work together in identifying and managing hazards and risks at each stage of the project. Last but not least, professional bodies, industry assoc iations and unions should promote WSH programmes by urging and engaging their members to implement effective safety management systems (Workplace Safety and Health Council, 2010). The best and easiest way of implementing a construction safety management plan or system is by developing a culture of safety within the organization and ensuring that the system being implemented is in line with the culture, vision, mission and values of the company. This will make it easier for all internal and external parties associated with the company to support the system. As a result, every person will prioritize their safety and that of others in everything they do. The company should take the moral obligation of ensuring that none of their employees are at risk. In other words, safety management ensures that everyone in the construction industry is protected (Safety Management Group, 2016). All people should be educated and trained so that they can understand and appreciate the benefits of safety management in construction industry. These educational and training programs should be rolled out continuously and in all parts of the world. Stakeholders should learn about buildi ng materials, construction equipment, industrial hygiene, safety policies and practices, risk management, ergonomics and environmental safety, among others. They should also understand the impact of all these elements on safety in the construction industry. Above all, construction managers should plan for safety before commencement of any construction project. Methodology The methodology used in this research will have a significant impact on the quantity and quality of data collected and the final results. This methodology is purposed to collect adequate data from a wide range of reliable sources to ensure that all research questions are comprehensively answered. The methodology is selected based on the main aim of the research, which is to develop more effective management strategies that can be used to improve safety in the construction industry. It is believed that using this methodology, the researcher will be able to collect the necessary data to answer the research questions and attain the main objective. It is also assumed that all potential participants will cooperate with the researcher. Research Approach The methodology that will be used in conducting this research is mixed methods approach. This approach entails collecting, examining and integrating quantitative and qualitative data. The approach gives the researcher the freedom to apply any techniques, methods and procedures that are associated with qualitative and quantitative research. These techniques can either be used simultaneously or consecutively (Alzheimer Europe, 2013). It also helps the researcher to understand the research problem in a better way than using either qualitative or quantitative approach (FoodRisc Resource Centre, 2016). There are several advantages of mixed methods approach. Firstly, it makes it easier for the researcher to match the method purpose to the research need. Therefore all these benefits make the method most suitable for this particular research. This enables the researcher to triangulate data and be sure of its variance level and validity before using it. Secondly, it supplements the correlation and consistency of quantitative and qualitative data collected, where on clarifies the other. Thirdly, it makes it easier to explain contradictory or complex survey responses. Fourthly, it improves the completeness of study findings (Chow, Quine and Li, 2010). Fifthly, it allows the researcher to expand the dimensions of the study topic. Most importantly is that this approach allows the research to analyze research questions from varied angles and/or perspectives. Thus considering the applications, capabilities and benefits of mixed methods approach, it is a sufficient methodology to collect desi rable data and analyze it to get findings that will be used to answer all research questions and attain the aim and objectives of the research. Research Strategy The strategy that will be used to conduct this research is case study. This is a kind of descriptive research that looks at individuals, organizations or a group of people. The strategy entails collecting data by participation, observation, tests, interviews, analyzing existing records, etc. The data is analyzed comprehensively so as to have an in-depth understanding of the topic that is being studied. This strategy is most suitable when: addressing complex situations, such as safety management in the changing construction industry; context is very important to the research; analyzing the situation from multiple perspectives (such as that of the developer, contractor, engineer, supplier, consultant, etc.); and flexibility of the study is very important (Walshe et al, 2004). Another reason why this strategy is the most suitable for the research is that it focuses on analyzing and describing the problem or research topic instead of looking at effect and cause. This ensures that data is analyzed within the research context. The strategy is suitable for analyzing data using both qualitative and quantitative approaches (mixed methods approach), which is the methodology that will be used in this research. Case study also helps in exploring data in both real-life situations and other complexities that may not have been described in the research problem (Zainal, 2007). The approach is most suitable for answering why and how questions, where the researcher has very minimal control over events and context is very essential. Considering all these factors, case study is a suitable strategy to answer all research questions that are being investigated and achieve the aim of the study. Data Collection and Analysis Techniqieus The data collection methods to be used in this research include: interviews, questionnaires, observations, documents and records, and focus groups. Interviews will be a combination of personal (face-to-face interviews) and telephone interviews (University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 2015). Different forms of interviews will be used including structured interviews, semi-structured interviews and informal interviews. The interviews questions will be clear, focused and encourage respondents to give open-ended responses. Questionnaires will contain both closed-ended and open-ended questions. The technique is usually used for collecting data on a specific topic from large groups of people. The questionnaires will be web based questionnaires and paper-pencil questionnaires. Observation techniques to be used in collecting data include reactive/direct observation and unobstructive observation. These techniques will be a combination of structured, semi-structured and unstructured observations (T he University of Sheffield, 2017). Focus group is a data collection technique where data is collected from individuals that share common things. In this case, the technique will be used to collect data from individuals in the construction industry. The technique collects combined opinions and perspectives of the participants. The responses are usually categorically coded and thematically analyzed (University of Minnesota, 2017). Documents and records is a technique that will be used to analyze existing data including databases, reports, newsletters, etc. The data collected will mainly be in relation to use of safety management in construction industry. The data collected will be analyzed and interpreted using the following techniques: frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, correlations, and text analytics (Li, 2013). These techniques will be used to classify and code data so as to get desired findings. These data collection and analysis techniques have been selected because they have the capability to help the research collect accurate, relevant and complete data within a short period of time and with minimal resources. Ethical Considrations This research will also present several ethical issues. Firstly, it is informed consent. All persons involved in the research will give their consent before being allowed to participate (Fouka and Mantzorou, 2011). Secondly, it is do not harm beneficence. This ethics will ensure that the research done promotes peoples welfare and does not harm anyone either psychologically or physically (Trochim, 2008). Thirdly, it is respect for confidentiality and anonymity. The names of persons or organizations involved in the research will not be disclosed. Fourthly, it is respect for privacy. All data and information collected will only be used for the purposes of this study (Peersman, 2014). Fifthly, it is the multiple relationships. All relationships created during the research will not harm or exploit anybody or impair the professional performance of the researcher (Smith, 2003). Sixthly, it is available ethics resources. The researcher will ensure that he understands his ethical obligations ad make use of available ethics resources. These ethical considerations will help the researcher to conduct the study based on the principles of objectivity, honesty, openness, carefulness, confidentiality, social responsibility respect for colleagues and intellectual property, competence, legality and responsible publication (Resnik, 2015). Summary The main aim of this research is to develop more effective management strategies that can be used to improve safety in the construction industry. This can be effectively achieved by involving different stakeholders in the construction industry who have witnessed the successes and failures of safety management systems. The proposed research approach, strategy and data collection and analysis techniques are the most appropriate and effective because they will enable the researcher to collect relevant data from reliable sources and analyze it applicably so as to achieve the aim of the research. The key potential limitations include: collecting data from multiple sources, which may require more time and probably money; handling large volumes of data; comparing different views from varied sources to develop short conclusions; and possibility of some participants not cooperating. This study is expected to improve overall safety in the construction industry by helping stakeholders to know e ffective safety management systems and how to implement them. Research method Mixed methods approach is a kind of research where the researcher combines components of quantitative and qualitative approaches, such as data collection, viewpoints, data analyses and interpretation methods for the purpose of comprehensive understanding and rationale of the research topic and questions. Timing is a very important factor when using mixed methods approach. The researcher can use concurrent, sequential or multiphase research designs. Concurrent design is where data is collected using quantitative and qualitative approaches simultaneously. Sequential design is where data collection by quantitative and qualitative approaches is done concurrently (FoodRisc Resource Centre, 2016). In multiphase design, the researcher combines both concurrent approach and sequential approach in data collection. To use this method effectively, the researcher has to do the following: determine whether the research questions or problem merit the method; identify the theories or philosophies to be used when conducting the study; write a suitable study aim or purpose statement that fits the method; know the kind of qualitative and quantitative data necessary to achieve the study intent; justify the kind of data to be collected; understand the studys overall intent; select the specific mixed methods design to be used; and draw the diagram of the design showing all steps from start to finish (Creswell, 2013). A typical mixed methods design diagram entails: quantitative and qualitative data collection, quantitative and qualitative data analysis, merging qualitative and quantitative results, comparing these results; interpreting the results; and explaining any divergence or convergence. This method is feasible mainly because the research problem and questions merit it. The method is sufficient to help the researcher understand the problem fully, explore it, explain the statistical results, ensure that qualitative and quantitative results match, improve the study by talking with relevant stakeholders and develop new construction safety management strategies by collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Research Plan/Timeliner The research timeline for 11 weeks thesis is as shown below Wk1 Wk2 Wk3 Wk4 Wk5 Wk6 Wk7 Wk8 Wk9 Wk10 Wk11 Review research topic, aim, objectives and questions Review data collection and analysis techniques Mobilize necessary resources Prepare for data collection (prepare questionnaires, interview questions, travel plans, contact participants, etc.) Meet and consult the professor(s) Preliminary field work Collect data Organize, evaluate and analyze data Prepare draft report Submit draft report Revise and prepare final report Submit final report Thesis presentation References Alzheimer Europe (2013) The four main approaches [Online]. Available from: https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-research/Types-of-research/The-four-main-approaches [Accessed February 2, 2017]. Burger, R. (2016) The top 3 safety management systems for construction [Online]. Available from: https://blog.capterra.com/the-top-3-safety-management-systems-for-construction/ [Accessed February 2, 2017]. Chow, M.Y., Quine, S. and Li, M. (2010) The benefits of using a mixed methods approach quantitative with qualitative to identify client satisfaction and unmet needs in an HIV healthcare centre. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 22(4), pp. 491-498. Creswell, J.W. (2013) Steps in conducting scholarly mixed methods study. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. Design and Build (2015) The importance of health and safety in the construction industry [Online]. Available from: https://www.designandbuild.com.au/blog/the-importance-of-health-safety-in-the-construction-industry/ [Accessed February 2, 2017]. FoodRisc Resource Centre (2016) Mixed methods research [Online]. Available from: https://resourcecentre.foodrisc.org/mixed-methods-research_185.html [Accessed February 2, 2017]. Fouka, G. and Mantzorou, M. (2011) What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Health Science Journal, 5(1) pp. 3-14. Health and Safety Executive (2016) Health and safety in construction sector in Great Britain, 2014/15. Great Britain: Health and Safety Executive. Li, J. (2013) Quantitative data analysis techniques for data-driven marketing [Online]. Available from: https://www.iacquire.com/blog/quantitative-data-analysis-techniques-for-data-driven-marketing-2 [Accessed February 3, 2017]. Marr, B. (2016) How big data and analytics are transforming the construction industry [Online]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/04/19/how-big-data-and-analytics-are-transforming-the-construction-industry/#6f58771a5cd0 [Accessed February 2, 2017]. McGraw Hill Construction (2013) Safety Management in the Construction Industry: Identifying Risks and Reducing Accidents to Improve Site Productivity and Project ROI. Bedford: McGraw Hill Construction. Peersman, G. (2014) Overview: Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Impact Evaluation. Florence: United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) Office of Research. Resnik, D.B. (2015) What is ethics in research why is it important? [Online] National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Available from: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ [Accessed February 3, 2017]. Safety Management Group (2016) Contractor safety management process (CSMP) [Online]. Available from: https://safetymanagementgroup.com/contractor-safety-management-process-csmp/ [Accessed February 2, 2017]. Smith, D. (2003) Five principles for research ethics [Online] American Physical Association. Available from: https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/principles.aspx [Accessed February 3, 2017]. Thatcher Associates (2016) How technology is changing the construction industry [Online]. Available from: https://www.thatcherassociates.com/blog?title=How%20Technology%20is%20Changing%20the%20Construction%20Industry [Accessed February 2, 2017]. The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (2010) Construction industry must undergo huge change to meet the low carbon challenge [Online]. Available from: https://www.iom3.org/news/2010/nov/30/construction-industry-must-undergo-huge-change-meet-low-carbon-challenge [Accessed February 2, 2017]. The University of Sheffield (2017) Observations [Online]. Available from: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/lets/strategy/resources/evaluate/general/methods-collection/observation [Accessed February 3, 2017]. Trochim, W.M. (2008) Ethics in research [Online]. Available from: https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php [Accessed February 3, 2017]. University of Minnesota (2017) Data collection techniques [Online]. Available from: https://cyfar.org/data-collection-techniques#Focus [Accessed February 3, 2017]. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire (2015) Data collection methods [Online]. Available from: https://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data%20collection%20methods/DATA%20COLLECTION%20METHODS.htm [Accessed February 3, 2017]. Walshe, C.E., Caress, A.L., Graham, C.C. and Todd, C.J. (2004) Case studies: a research strategy appropriate for palliative care? Palliative Medicine, 18, pp. 677-684. Workplace Safety and Health Council (2010) Implementing WSH 2018 for the Construction Sector in Singapore. Singapore: Ministry of Manpower. Wursten, F. and Hodel, C. (2015) Revolutionizing building sites [Online]. Available from: https://www.ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2015/03/revolutionising-building-sites.html [Accessed February 2, 2017]. Zainal, Z. (2007) Case study as a research method. Johor, Malaysia: University of Technology, Malaysia.

Welfare Reform Essays - Federal Assistance In The United States

Welfare Reform WELFARE REFORM In the late 1920s and early 1930s, there was a crisis among American families. The crash of the Stock Market in 1929 led into the era, which would be remembered as the Great Depression. The stock market crash left many American people with nothing. With no money, no homes, and no jobs, many American families became poor and homeless. With the presidential election in 1932, of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the introduction of the ?New Deal,? the American people were acquainted with many new economic and social welfare programs. Up until this time, welfare was not a big issue, but with so many poor people it was important to find a way to help the economy. The welfare programs did help many people in the height of the depression, but the question today is, the welfare benefit levels too charitable? The answer is yes. Welfare benefit levels are so generous, that they entice people into becoming dependent upon the system. Up until the Great Depression, welfare was not really an issue. For the most part every one dealt with their problems on their own. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it left many people to fend for themselves. Many families in America got wrapped up in the stock market, after all the returns were very plentiful. Several people had their life savings in the stock market, and others went to loan sharks and took out loans for large sums of money, to try and earn back money that they had already lost. When the stock market crashed, it left all of the people with investments in stock, as well as banks, with nothing. Many people committed suicide, or went crazy. Some of the richest people became poor. But to make matters worse, many people were fired or laid off their jobs. This was happening left and right; their employer had either lost too much money in the crash of the stock market. Or when the stock market crashed and took everyone's money, no one could afford the goods or services that they were offering and they were not making enough money to pay their employees. So they were left with no choice, with little to no cash flowing in they could not afford to keep many people on their pay roll. The Great Depression, which began in 1929, had a tremendous impact on nearly all aspects of American life. Its effects on the American political perspective was considerable indeed. The landmark election of 1932 brought Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency. Also, that election marked an essential shift in the public's attitude toward the proper place of government in the nation's social, and economic life (Carlson-Thies 13). ?Franklin Roosevelt and the democrats engineered their victory in 1932 with a new electoral base. It was built largely of southerners, small farmers, organized labor, and big-city political organizations. Roosevelt's revolutionary economic and social welfare programs, which formed the heart of the New Deal of the 1930s, further strengthened that coalition; and it soon brought increasing support from African Americans and other minorities to the Democrats? (Carlson-Thies 13). With the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt came many strong attributions towards the economic status and the very well being of the American people. Roosevelt's biggest push was his ?New Deal,? which was a program that he and his fellow Democrats had comprised. The New Deal was supposed to help the American people that were jobless, and living on the streets, by giving them a job and bringing them in off the streets. It was a program devised to help get people on their feet. It was a series of programs that formed a very large program that is known as welfare. Welfare consists of many programs, there are programs that are intended to help the elderly, and there are programs that focus most of their attention on children. There are also programs intended to provide housing for needy families. There were several federal rules and regulations that one must meet in order to receive benefits from welfare. Once a person qualified to receive benefits, then a certain amount of money was given to them. The amount of money that a person received was based upon how many

The Role of Rational Management in Organizations

The Role of Rational Management in Organizations Rational approaches are systematic methods that follow one-step after the other, in a process of decision-making. The use of this rationale in an organisation involves collecting quantitative data through observation or statistics in the field, in preparation of coming up with long-term decisions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Rational Management in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the organisation has benefited by this approach, as the organisations leaders mostly prefer it. In every organisation, it is the role of the leaders mostly referred to as managers to come up with policies, strategies, and policies, which can enable the company to attain its short and long-term objectives (Morgan, 2006). It is the wish of every manager to place his or her company at a competitive edge compared to rest in the market. Currently, the business environment is very challenging, and this aspect is calling for the manager to come up with the best approaches to be applied in solving problems and making the relevant decisions within the organisation (Robbins, 2006). This paper will focus on the reasons as to why managers prefer the use of rational approaches, and how they benefit from using open systems. Rationality in Management Every organisation relies on the decisions of the top management, hence why the managers need to be very careful in every step they make in their duties. The major role of management is to mentor the employees, as well as providing a good environment for them, to promote their performances (Jugnor, 2008). The managers ensure that all employees are aware of their duties, and they have the required resources to enable them execute their responsibilities. The way through which managers mentor their juniors matters a lot, as he is dealing with employees of different personalities and capabilities. In an organisation, there are rational leaders and ration al managers. Rational readers ensure that there is the development of the necessary mechanisms to be used in learning, and staff participation in an organisation (Thompson McHugh, 2002). Through the guidance of a rational leader, the organisation gets the best strategic decisions to handle the major challenges faced by the organisation. Rational decisions aid the smooth running of the day-to-day activities of the employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several organizations have proved to be more competitive in terms of quality of their goods or services, punctuality, and acceptability of its decisions to the society through the guidance given by its rational managers and leaders. The most important aspect of applying rational approaches by the managers or the leaders is that, for the decision they make to be fully implemented, the acceptability by the human ca pital in the organisation should be put into consideration. Engaging the subordinate in the process of decision-making is very important for the whole organisation, as they would understand the rules better, and their suggestions would be incorporated in the process. Rational management provides a good environment for learning to be utilized by the employees, so that they can develop a positive culture of the organisation (Audner, 2007). Whenever the employees realize that their efforts and success within an organisation are recognized, they work tirelessly towards achieving their set targets. There is no single effort of an employee that should go unnoticed, as this would be motivating them to put extra efforts in their duties. Another important reason of rational management within an organisation is encouraging the spirit of teamwork. Through working in teamwork, employees learn from each other, and individuals have a chance to demonstrate their talents in areas that they are expe rtise. Team works in an organisation is good initiatives for sharing knowledge and experiences, hence each one of them get a good chance to gain more knowledge and improve their skills. For instance, Jet blue airway company is a good example of the companies that have a culture of promoting learning within its employees (Webner, 2007). This company has diversified its services ton some training institutes where its employees can be trained to keep them, updated and fully equipped to meet the current demands of their clients in the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Rational Management in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This form of learning is very crucial, as it is an initiative of having qualified employees who are competent in their duties. During the annual general meetings of coca cola Company, the best performers are severally seen being rewarded as a way of recognising their ef forts. This is a very crucial culture of motivating the employees through such practices, as every employee would wish to be the best performer and be recognised. Currently, the business world is very competitive, and it is the duty of any organisation to come up with unique strategies and out stand among its competitors (Dragna, 2005). It has been a challenge to most of the organisation, as through what way, an organisation can stand out among its competitors. The availability of effective top management, who are innovative, can place an organisation at a very competitive edge in the market. The aspect of creativity needs also to be applied in all areas of production, marketing, as well as in handling the clients. Rational management has always created a good opportunity for managers and leaders to exploit their potential fully. The different levels of management have different policies that can be applied by the managers in developing and mentoring the human resource capital withi n the organisation. According to the research done concerning the levels of management, it is evident that, there is not a single moment when the capability of a manager is fully exploited (Jugnor, 2008). Therefore, managers should take such opportunities to utilize their capabilities for the benefit of the employees and the entire organisation. Benefits of open/natural systems approach Several benefits are associated with the application of open/natural systems within an organisation. To begin with, through the application of this system, the management realizes the importance of the external environment to the organisation. There is a dire need for any organisation to have a good relationship with the external environment, as some external factors can impose negative effects to the organisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Good and health relationships with the surrounding environment, the organisation needs to apply its ethical values, and adopt corporate social responsibilities (Beauttah, 2008). Good relationships with the external environments would also increase the clients’ coverage for the organisation. There is always well-structured human resource management in an organisation with natural systems approach. The managers develop themselves as well as other employees through making use of numerous training programs created by the organisation. Team leaders liaise with the top management in conducting training within the organisation, and the learning spirit is highly developed within an organisation (Beauttah, 2008). Through such activities, team leaders and the top managers get a good chance to learn from one another especially the best ways of handling major challenges that they encounter. A good example of a company with a well-structured human resource is Adidas Ltd. Where the top man agers are seen benefiting from an open system as well as juniors (Jugnor, 2008). Employees are given an opportunity to develop their knowledge through learning, while the managers enjoy a well-structured leadership plan. Through this, everyone within the organisation gets a good opportunity to exploit his or her potential fully. In addition, those organisations that apply open systems give the managers a good chance of interacting freely with their subordinates. During the processes of decision-making, the subordinates are included in the process, as their views are considered very crucial (Hodge William, 2003). This makes them feel catered for and respect between them, and their bosses are enhanced. During refreshing games within the organisation, the managers mix freely with the juniors and get a chance to challenge one another with their talents. Such actions are promoters of a free communication within an organisation hence reducing chances of making some serious mistakes by ei ther the management team, or by the employees. Any employee be it a manager or a junior there is always an open opportunity to recommend, or suggest something to make acquiring the organisations targets easier. For instance, the internal business journals of Unilever ltd., the ideas and suggestions of the company improvement are seen to come from the top management as well as from the juniors (Beauttah, 2008). This is a good show of open expressions within an organisation, whereby, it is the responsibility of everyone within the organisation to ensure there is success. Conclusion In conclusion, a rational management style brings about effective communication styles, whereby the flow of information is clear from the top management down to the juniors. The feedback from the employees is also received in a good manner, whereby the employees do not feel intimidated. The communication ion such organization is a two-way system, such that when the managers send the information to the junio r, juniors are expected to provide their diverse feedback with suggestions whenever it is necessary (McAuley Duberley, 2007). Rational management is a system that is currently appreciated in most organizations, because its effects are moving organisations in a positive way. This is the reason behind most of the managers preferring applying it in their organisations. An open system of management is another beneficial approach that is appreciated by most of the managers. This is because of the chance they get to be motivated and to motivate their juniors. This approach brings about an expanded path of developing everyone skills and talents within an organisation. Reference List Audner, M. (2007). Organisational Theory. British Journal of Management , 50 72. Beauttah, W. (2008). Work Employment and Society. Journal of Management ,15-50. Dragna, P. (2005). Managerial Practices. Journal of Management Studies , 95 135. Hodge, B., William, A. (2003). Organisation theory: a strategic appr oach.  Michigan: Prentice Hall. Jugnor, M. (2008). Effective Management. Journal of Work and Occupations, 25-59. McAuley, J., Duberley, J. (2007). Organisation theory: challenges and  perspectives. New York: Prentice Hall. Morgan, G. (2006). Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Robbins, S. (2006). Organisational Theory: Concepts Cases. Sydney: Prentice Hall. Thompson, P., McHugh, D. (2002). Work Organisations: A Critical introduction.  Hampshire: Palgrave. Webner, J. (2007). Human Relations. British Journal of industrial Relations , 132 165.

Free Essays on An Overview Of Newdow V. U.S. Congress

, Newdow's position was that it is unconstitutional for a state employee to lead students in an exercise, which is fundamentally religious in nature because that represents the state endorsing some particular view. The fact that his daughter was not required to participate in this exercise was not sufficient to make it constitutional - the mere fact that she was a recipient of the message that certain religious beliefs are endorsed by the government was sufficient to entail harm. The school district sought to have the case dismissed. The United States Congress and the President of the United States joined in this motion, which was approved by a District Court judge. Newdow appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. C... Free Essays on An Overview Of Newdow V. U.S. Congress Free Essays on An Overview Of Newdow V. U.S. Congress An Overview of Newdow V. U.S. Congress By: Florie Mendiola Background Information: Michael Newdow, an atheist, has a daughter who attends public ele-mentary school in the Elk Grove Unified School District in California. Each day, following state law, the teachers lead students in a recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. The specific law states that public schools begin each school day with "appropriate patriotic exercises" and that the Pledge would be sufficient to comply. The specific school policy states that "Each elementary school class [shall] recite the pledge of allegiance to the flag once each day." At no point was any student, including Newdow's daughter, forced to recite the Pledge. That has already been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (although it should be noted that Barnette was decided in 1943 and the words "under God" were not added until 1954). Instead, Newdow argued that his daughter suffered harm because she would: watch and listen as her state-employed teacher in her state-run school leads her classmates in a ritual proclaiming that there is a God, and that our's [sic] is 'one nation under God.' In other words, Newdow's position was that it is unconstitutional for a state employee to lead students in an exercise, which is fundamentally religious in nature because that represents the state endorsing some particular view. The fact that his daughter was not required to participate in this exercise was not sufficient to make it constitutional - the mere fact that she was a recipient of the message that certain religious beliefs are endorsed by the government was sufficient to entail harm. The school district sought to have the case dismissed. The United States Congress and the President of the United States joined in this motion, which was approved by a District Court judge. Newdow appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. C...

International Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International Finance - Assignment Example These are bills of exchange with a period of maturity of about three months. The bills used for international payments. Credits required by importers to have possession of goods, after which they sell them and pay off their bills (Eighth 2012, pp. 10-12). Hedging happens when importers and exporters engage an agreement to buy and sell goods at a future date in current prices. The significance of this is avoidance of losses that caused by variation of exchange rates (Eighth 2012, pp. 10-12). It is an agreement between two parties in order to exchange currencies. The transaction carried out once for commercial customers and on the subsequent business day for the inter-bank traders (Eighth 2012, pp. 7-8). It is a more refined form of transaction. A technique shelters the borrowing a currency on a collateralized basis (Eighth 2012, p. 5). For instance, the dealer sells  £18,000 forward for dollars. The delivery is in three months at $ 2.4531/ £. The dealer simultaneously buys 18,000,000 forward for the delivery in a subsequent four months at a $ 2.4331. The difference accrued due to the difference between the selling and buying price has an equivalent rate differential. Terms and the number of units of foreign currency that is required to purchase a dollar are most common denominator in foreign currencies (Eighth 2012, pp. 10-12). For example, the exchange rate between the US dollar and the Swiss

Transcultural Nursing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transcultural Nursing Paper - Essay Example Leininger (2001) has stated that "The primary goals of transcultural community - based nursing are to help people of different and similar cultures maintain their health, prevent illnesses or disabilities, and die in culturally congruent and meaningful ways" (p.220).Thus this innovative form of nursing is becoming increasingly important in health care. In light of the above facts it is necessary to promote cultural sensitivity among nurses providing community health care, identify the challenges that are likely to hinder the implementation of a nursing framework that seeks to ensure culturally competent care and to pinpoint the resources available in the community that assist in transcultural nursing. In doing so it would be possible to ascertain practices that are conducive to promoting transcultural nursing and to determine ways in which it might be practiced more effectively. In order to promote cultural sensitivity among nurses it is important to impress upon them the significant role culture plays in individual lives. Cultural beliefs and tenets exert a profound influence on the way people choose to act, live their lives and make their decisions. According to Leininger (2001), "Humans are culturally rooted, acting and making decisions daily that are based on largely unspoken values, beliefs, and cultural community lifeways" (p. 222). Keeping this in mind, nurses are likely to be more sensitive to cultural practices which they might otherwise dismiss as eccentric or ridiculous. In this context, it is possible to promote cultural sensitivity by putting nurses into intimate contact with their own often forgotten cultural roots. This will enable them to identify with their patients who care deeply for their culture. Nurses should be made cognizant of the fact that incorporating transcultural knowledge and skills with their existing scientific practices can go a long way in making things easier and more effective for them when it comes to dealing with patients, particularly the recalcitrant ones. Failure to provide care that is compatible with individual cultures is likely to be met with resistance, hostility, fear and a lack of cooperation. This can impair or even endanger the health of the patient. And since the spirit of community nursing is all about helping in the healing process and putting patients on the road to recovery, nurses should pull out all stops to ensure that the patient's health does not suffer because of their own cultural ignorance. The scope for community - based transcultural nursing is on the rise as immigrants from every corner of the globe throng to the United States of America. Taking care of their health needs entails being aware of their cultural beliefs and expectations. Nurses need to be aware of this fact in order to serve the patient to the best of their abilities, otherwise they might find their existing skills are obsolete and useless in the face of increasing ethnic diversity. Leininger (2001) reports that "Many nurses said they had to almost completely relearn nursing from a different perspective because many of their previous nursing ideas did not fit with specific cultures" (p. 222). Such reports from experienced nurses along with information on multiculturalism and its impact on community health care management may be used to promote cultur

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admissions Essay Example for Free

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admissions Essay Are colleges giving students a good value for their investment? What are individuals gaining from higher education? (179) These are some of the questions that authors Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus, college professors, posed in an excerpt from their book, Higher Education? How Colleges Are Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids-and What We Can Do About It. Unfortunately, their findings are grim. They feel that colleges have lost track of their basic mission to challenge the minds of young people. The authors make nine proposals that colleges may want to consider, beginning corrective action on delivering a better valued education. The proposal , make students use their minds, resonated with me the most. Hacker and Dreifus felt that students should become more thoughtful and interesting people while attending college. They go on to outline in this proposal that colleges should persuade students to choose impractical studies as a way to receive a better return on their investment. That Liberal Arts programs produce more thoughtful and interesting people is a point well taken; but that it equates education with better value has not been substantiated. The value of anything is solely determined by the recipient. Redirecting students away from, and downgrading Vocational Programs does not ensure a good education. Most students would agree that the reason they are attending college is to prepare for a career. The statistic Hacker and Dreifus cite, that 64 percent of undergraduates are enrolled in vocational majors (180), supports this reasoning. It is without question that impractical studies will challenge the mind, and foster creativity in students. However, to charge colleges with the mission to persuade students that the path to a valuable education is through impractical studies is presumptuous when it comes to value. Vocational studies do have value and should be treated with the same respect as Liberal studies. If the authors’ research had gone beyond assumption and interviewed recent graduates of the two programs in  question and then presented those results, more stock could be taken in swaying students towards impractical studies. By the time students have reached the end of their undergraduate studies, they know that repaying the accumulated debt is priority. Aligning ones studies, whether impractical or vocational, with a career would result in a favorable disposition regarding value of the education one has received. This value motivates students to go in the first place. Hacker and Dreifus say that students should become more thoughtful and interesting people while at college (180). For most, these two traits are innate. Only requiring development by parents during primary stages of life. The quest to become an interesting person is not learned in the classroom. If ones primary goal in college is to become more interesting, they are wasting their money. Hacker and Dreifus ask what should happen to students at college. Simple, they should be gaining knowledge to help them become self-supported adults, productive members of society. According to Hacker and Dreifus, the undergraduate years are an interlude that will never come again (180). However, there is not an optimal time to attain a college education. The best education is received by the person who wants it; age is irrelevant. While Hacker and Dreifus claim that the offspring of professional parents are the only ones seizing the opportunity of a valuable education, blue collar workers and the working poor will repudiate the idea that they are not rearing college bound students ready to answer the call of higher education. There are many examples where the children of non-professional parents have succeeded in college. Being classified as poor or lower class is the very element that propels them to college to do better than their own parents. The upshot of all this is that the value of a college education is truly determined by the person who has acquired it, not by the amount of debts incurred to attain it, nor by what they chose to study.

Essay --

The Age of Revolution †¢ A period of political upheaval beginning with the American Revolution, leading through the French Revolution, and ending at around 1848 †¢ Caught up many social groups with diverse motives Forces of Change †¢ Three forces were working to shatter Europe’s calm by the mid-18th century o Cultural ï‚ § Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued for a government based on a general will o Ongoing commercialization ï‚ § Businesspeople challenge the idea that only aristocrats should hold high office o All social levels ï‚ § The population revolution was partly the result of better border policing, which reduced the movement of disease bearing animals ï‚ § Improved nutrition, due to the introduction of the potato †¢ Led to reduced death rates ï‚ § Increase in population leads upper class families to tighten their grip on existing offices †¢ Consequently it becomes harder for non-aristocrats to gain a high post †¢ Population pressure drove many people into the working class, which led to the creation of motives for protest †¢ Population growth sparks a rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing in western...

English paper

Title Will Durant, a U. S author and historian, writes, â€Å"Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. † This means that all the knowledge people once had is misleading to what the truth really is. Similarly, in Plato's â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and Frederick Douglass's â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† a painful process of gaining knowledge through all the ignorance is described. Plato describes a prisoner going on a Journey to gain knowledge that is behind him, after he was stuck staring at a wall of shadows his whole life.He goes back to tell the other prisoners of his iscoveries and they want to kill him. Douglass is a slave who learns to read and write, going through stages to achieve each step. As he begins gaining knowledge he finds the truth about slavery which startles him. Socrates' idea that gaining knowledge is a difficult Journey to undertake because by doing so it changes the way people see the world, as proven by Douglass' exper iences. In Plato's â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Socrates illustrates a metaphorical story about attaining knowledge.He describes a cave with men who are chained, prisoners of the cave. They face a wall; that is all they can see because they cannot move their heads. They cannot even look behind them to see a walkway and a fire. As a person passes on the walkway, a shadow is projected onto the wall in front of the prisoners; this is all they know. Only the shadows are what is real to them because it's all they have ever known. Socrates says, â€Å"How could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? † (Plato 479).The main point is that people cannot understand anything except what is being projected right in front of them. Socrates' point is that society has a limited understanding of knowledge, and is ignorant about what is beyond the surroundings. To acquire knowledge of the truth beyond the cave, one prisoner is freed. As his eye s adjust to the light, he starts to see the real objects from the images that are projected onto the wall. He understands how the shadows were a false truth and Just an illusion and he feels bad for the other prisoners still stuck in the cave.He understands that they are not seeing the truth. Socrates states, â€Å"What he saw before was an illusion† (Plato 480). So the prisoner returns to tell the others about his knew knowledge, but they couldn't understand what they were being told. The other prisoners will not accept the knowledge the escapee has learned and my even put him to death. But the chained prisoners don't understand that the whole world outside the cave is more real than the false illusions, or the shadows being projected onto the walls. Society doesn't want to accept knew knowledge; people often resist changing what they know.Socrates' prisoner goes through stages or the process of knowledge, which is also shown in Douglass. In the allegory, when the prisoner f irst leaves the cave he stares at the sun and cannot see; it takes time to get accustomed to the brightness. Socrates describes, â€Å"And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves† (Plato 480). In time the prisoner will begin to understand the â€Å"realities † (Plato 480) that ne is tacing by going through the stages.This is shown in Douglass as well. Douglass is first taught to read by Mistress Hugh, but then she refuses to teach him. So Douglass turns to kids that e makes friends with to finish teaching him to read. Douglass Sates, â€Å"The light broke in upon me by degrees† (Douglass 73); in other words, education is being achieved in stages. This is like the prisoner going through a process of gaining knowledge. Once Douglass is introduced to reading, he teaches himself to write by tricking the white boys into helping him learn.The process endured outside the cave by the prisoner- or the process endured by Douglass- will be â€Å"tedious† (Douglass 74), and take time, but steps must be taken to gain any knowledge. The process of gaining nowledge can be painful; Socrates idea of pain by being enlightened is played out in Douglass. When the prisoner is in a cave he is comfortable with the shadows on the wall and his surroundings, but if the prisoner is freed he will feel pain: â€Å"And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away to take refuge in the objects of visions which he can see† (Plato 480).The new knowledge that he will gain is so different than what he is used to. This can be seen likewise in Douglass as well. When Douglass learns to read he learns the ruth of slavery which â€Å"tormented† (Douglass 71) him. He writes, â€Å"It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but no ladder upon which to get out† (Douglass 72). This is similar to the pri soner leaving the cave. He understands slavery and his rights are taken away, they ways that they are taken from their homes and made into nothing is so cruelly wrong.This causes him great pain; the only thing he has to look forward to is the hope of being freed. Because becoming enlightened is a painful process, many will resist or challenge what they believe, as illustrated by Socrates and Douglass. After the prisoner goes on his Journey of being enlightened, he goes back to the cave to tell his friends what he has learned, but they reject him. Socrates says, â€Å"If any one tried to lose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch he offender, and they would put him to death† (Plato 482).The other prisoners think he is being â€Å"ridiculous† (Plato 481) and want to put him to death for his story about life outside the cave. They don't understand that they are the ones trapped in ignorance and the freed prisoner is telling them the truth. This also pl ays out in Douglass. Mistress Hugh began by being a caring lady and teaching Douglass how to read, but slavery soon made a big impact on her. â€Å"l have had her rush at me with a face made all up of fury, and snatch from me a newspaper, in a manner that fully revealed her apprehension† ( Douglass 70).The violence she projected toward Douglass when snatching the paper from him shows the resistance she now has toward him being educated. Many will resist being enlightened because society doesn't like to change what they already know. While society tends to resist enlightenment, those who are enlightened cannot eturn to their former ignorance, and pities others who are stuck there; which is shown in Plato and Douglass. English paper Ago then plans to backstab Othello and ruin his love with Desman. Based on Shakespearean focus on the character and his actions that developed the plot, it is shown he believes that freewill directs our lives. He does so by using development of the antagonist and sequencing of events. Shakespeare starts off with the story with the development of direct characterization of Ago as the antagonist who seeks revenge on Othello.In Act 1, Scene 1, lines 54-56; we have Ago start off speaking and Introducing his evil plan to sabotage Othello for not promoting him, yet instead promoting some new kid. Ago states, â€Å"These fellows have some soul, and such a one do I profess myself. For, sir, It is as sure as you are Ordering, Were I the Moor, I would not be Ago. In following him, I follow myself; Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty. † From this quote, we see that Shakespeare directly develops Ago as an antagonist character.After reading what Ago has said, we learn exactly that he's actually doing everything for his own benefits and that he could really care less about others. Ago does not try to curve or seem to attempt to hide anything from the audience, so the sense of selfishness peaks out to the audience and the message Is conveyed pretty clearly that he will do anything In his will to be In the position of higher power as well as take over those who are In the way. In Act 1, Scene 3, and line 12; we have Ago complaining and speaking towards the audience again.This time he says, â€Å"Cassia's a proper man: let me see how: To get his place and to plume up to my will. In double-knowing?How, how? Let's see?after some time, to abuse Othello ear, that he is too familiar with his wife. After some time, to abuse Toeholds ear. † Ago shares his plot to destroy Othello tit the audience. Since Othello is so gullible, Ago manipulates that fact and will make him believe that Desman is having an affair with Cassia. This is all happening due to a result of l agans choice to sabotage Othello and get him back.The direct characterization of Ago as an antagonist is showing how he plans on using one of Toeholds weak point?such as his love shared with Desman?to help revenge Othello and ruin him due to the fact that he did not promote him but instead, promoted Cassia. He also gets back at Cassia as well, by Incorporating Cassia Into his Lana to make It seem Like Desman Is cheating on Othello. Shakespeare then continues to use direct characterization as a development of Ago is thinking of another one of his mini plans to help get back at Othello.He is thinking of using the handkerchief that Othello had gave to Desman and place it in the hands of Cassia in order to convince Othello that Desman has truly been cheating. â€Å"Trifles light as air, Are to the Jealous confirmations strong, as proof of holy writ: this may do something. † Shakespeare develops Ago as an antagonist using erect characterization by having him purposely plan out thi s evil plan of killing Adhesion's and Othello love life and having Ago saying exactly to the audience what he believes shows a direct characterization.Another example that supports the idea that Shakespeare uses direct characterization to help support the idea of freewill is in ACTA, scene 3, line 12. Here, he is specifically saying what he truly feels towards the Moor (Othello), â€Å"l hate the Moor: And it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets, He has done my office: I know not fit be true;† With Ago directly saying that e hates the Moor shows a direct characterization that he is the antagonist because with him directly announcing that he hates the Moor, we can Just tell from that statement that he is our antagonist.This supports the idea of free will, because this quote also shows that although he hates the more, he is purposely going to play nice to him in order to get back at Othello. Shakespeare then uses sequencing of events to help support the idea of freewill. In the beginning of story, Shakespeare starts off with Ago planning to purposely tell on Desman and Othello and how they have ran off.In ACTA scene 1 and line 5 Ago says, â€Å"Call up her father, Rose him: make after him, poison his delight, Proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen,† With Ago purposely putting himself out there as the person whose responsible for telling on Othello and Adhesion's relationship, and agreeing to Adhesion's father that he will bring back Desman we see that with the book beginning with Ago depicted as being a 2-faced person that this is only the beginning and that his characteristics as an antagonist will strengthen as we progress through the story.Because he was one of Othello men, and by him being unload and running to tell about their relationship shows that he Just wants to sabotage Othello and isn't being faithful to Othello at all. At the end of the book, where it is the last time Ago speaks in the play, his freewill is yet still empha sized. Othello has captured him as a prisoner after he found out what Ago had did to him and demands that Ago tells him why he did what he did. Ago says, â€Å"Demand me nothing: what you know, you know: From this time forth I never will speak word. (5. 2. 1) Lagos intentions was to completely revenge and ruin Othello life and make him feel the pain and disappointment that he has gone through when he was not promoted. By having Othello still not knowing why Ago did what he did, even at the end of the story shows how the freewill of Ago was really meant to Just put Othello in great pain. Even though there were many events that supported the idea that Shakespeare believes in freewill, fate on the other hand can also play a role in directing our lives.In ACTA, science, page 15 Ago eventually ended up getting caught in his own plan ND did eventually get captured as a prisoner by Othello. We see this through the stage directions, â€Å"(enter Ladylove, Montana, Cassia carried in a chai r and officers with Ago, prisoner) By having Shakespeare use stage directions to clarify that Ago is now situations his ending result is still for him to fail in life again which was how he felt like he was when he wasn't promoted. In conclusion, Shakespeare starts off the story with Ago introducing his hatred for Othello to show how his freewill will pullout later through the story.We see how his revenge and all the situations he's gone through in order for himself to succeed in his own plan was freewill. How he decided to ruined Adhesion's and Othello love life was freewill. By looking at Shakespearean main emphasis on the development of the antagonist, Ago and sequencing of events it is shown how Shakespeare believes that freewill directs our lives. One lesson that can be taken by this story is to not put in too much trust and high expectations for someone, because once they slip up it'll hurt you lox more. English Paper Ambition In human beings is positive, but like most things else, It can be taken too far, and the results can compromise a person's happiness. When people AR e most ambitious, problems can occur because less time is spent doing the things that they I Eve, social Interactions are affected or physical Injuries can occur, thus compromising happiness In this poem by Des Walsh, a man has fallen victim to poverty because he took his ambition too far. This man is thinking back to how he got to where he Is, and he rime members a happy, glorified life.He remembers reading books and then imagines writing a book where he was not so ambitious and where his life was different. Somewhere In this mans' life, h e was over ambitious and this was the cause of his poverty. When people strive to achieve goals, they often do not know their own limits and therefore, can fall into a pothole in the road of life. Some people experience such a life of hopelessness caused by ambition that they fear to make ago Is, Hereford they need help from other's to hit the survivable that ambition has thrown t heir way.Ambition also affects the social Interactions that take place within society, If a person is striving 1 OFF The result is that he will degrade others and will push others down if it means that he can climb higher toward his goal. This only creates a path that over time, will close in on him. Each per son that is pushed away from him will eventually fall back upon him, crushing him and ending h is hope to achieve such goals. The result, happiness is compromised. Another way of thinking of this social concept is if one imagines throwing a rock up into the air, down a hill.The rock will go up, resisting gravity which represents other people. Eventually the rock will begin to fall a s the gravity pulls it down and it will land, lower than it started from. The result is a short time off leaning like he is on top of everyone else, then a long time of depression caused by loneliness. By less seeing goals and maintaining a healthy social life, happiness will be maintained while goals can still be achieved, only over more time. It would be like the rock rising very slowly from the grog undo, but instead, using gravity to assist it in its climb.I understand that this is a bit off unreal cystic comparison, but it works, right? There is one other result of ambition however, this on e I have experienced. When people are too ambitious, physical harm can be caused. People will stop at nothing to achieve goals and that includes ignoring body signals and pushing their b dies to the points of injury. Every year, many baseball pitchers need to go for â€Å"Tommy John† surge ere cause they have goals to throw the ball harder each time, pushing out past the pay sisal limits of a human being.Fielders collide and end careers because of a determination to run down that fly ball. Everyone has experienced bodily harm from pushing their bodies too hard. R inners pull hamstrings, fo otball players throw themselves into risks of concussions, all because t hose people will not consider the risks that are between them and their goals. For me how ever, one time when ambition harmed me was when I was younger. I was at the park with some

Implications of Public Display of Affection Essay

II. Definition of PDA â€Å"Public Display of Affection or PDA as they are called, is the act of two people indulging in an intimate act in public.† [] It is an act that is mostly objectionable to the public. Today, Public Display of Affection is something that most couples indulge in the beginning of their days of physical exploration and discovery. â€Å"PDA is the physical demonstration of affection for another person while in the view of others. Holding hands or kissing in public are commonly considered to be unobjectionable forms of public displays of affection; however, what is considered objectionable depends on the context and social norms. For example, in places such as bars, nightclubs, and strip clubs, more extreme forms of public displays of affection are rarely considered to be objectionable.† [] â€Å"Public display of affection depends on the decision of the couple. Individual and societal views on Public Display of affection vary significantly. Such displays may sometimes be considered to be in bad taste, while in some jurisdictions such displays may even be criminal. Depending on the social values and context, extreme forms of public displays of affection may be considered indecent exposure.† [] Affection is an important part of any relationship. It makes a person feel warm inside when someone of his resemblance or even love lets the person know how he or she feels. This feeling is best expressed behind closed doors. Kisses and physical connection are the tools people use to display their affection. These tools will effectively free their feelings and allow themselves to be close. A. Social views Public display of affection affects people in different ways and one should be mindful of the feelings that can be elicited by ‘carrying on’ in public. When a couple is feeling passionate they may be oblivious to the presence of people around them, but they may accidentally hurt someone. Someone who has just lost a loved one may find their public display of affection heartbreaking; a reminder of someone they can no longer kiss. Someone who has ended a relationship may find it agonizing as a reminder of the one that had gone away. Older people may find it annoying as their generation was more modest and saved serious affection for times when the intimacy could be carried further than just holding hands and kissing. Single people and lonely people will feel similarly as it will remind them of the fact that they are alone. A consideration of the kind of people around the place will save everyone from feelings of resentment or in some cases, embarrassment. We find that the heart of PDA is intolerance and insecurity. In conversations with people about why such sights bother them – or don’t bother them – jealousy is an interesting common factor. Those who are in relationships themselves are rarely bothered by other’s exhibitions of affection, even if they preferred to show their love in private. However, those who are not, especially those who have recently had a break-up, are morbidly horrified by any sight of love between other people. Although holding hands is considered sweet by most people, it is rarely considered acceptable to openly kiss someone passionately in public because it is not polite, and going further than that is illegal and a crime in some places especially in conservative countries like India. B. Psychological views Public Display of Affection (PDA) can either be approved or disapproved. A person’s perspective might be different from someone else’s view on PDA. As our society tends to do what we think other people approve of or disapprove of, for example, an aggressive couple stopped their behavior because it was not approved. Injunctive norms can make a major impact in someone’s behavior and change that certain behavior to create a positive behavioral change. Certain public displays of affection are appropriate in some places than others. For example, in a club more people are likely to see couples showing their affection, in contrast to family-style restaurants. This makes us think that people doing PDA become aggressive and in emotional outburst everytime they are with their partner. Also, the way that people think of PDA differs from each other and their views of doing it also differs from one another, regarding the civil status. III. Causes of PDA Public display of affection or PDA has pros and cons depending on where society one belongs or what culture one is in. Public display of affection may mean that one is proud of the other, but may not be acceptable to society. It may also mean that one is truly in love with the other or one has nothing to hide. He/she may have no fear of being caught by someone else. Public display of affection may convey bad meanings and not good for children to see. They might consider this act as normal and can be done by just anybody. A. Affection on either boyfriend or girlfriend : true love The love practiced by couples through PDA (Public Display of Affection) is merely a factual understanding between couples. It is biologically and psychologically necessary for lovers to express their feeling on their partner the way they are suited to. True love is an urge between a single couple and as long as it necessary, couples must express it to show the partner how much he/she loves this person. That way, the partner would feel that he/she is very special to that someone. But then, expression of true love through PDA must have its limitations. Though expressing love in public is an acceptable fact in our society, partners must realize that displaying their affection in public can cause other people to think of bad remarks about it. â€Å"Love has intrigued people throughout history. Its joys and sorrows have inspired different students of human interaction. Indeed, love is one of the pervasive themes in the art and literature of many cultures. Each of our own lives has been influenced in significant ways by love, beginning with the love we receive as infants and children. Our best and worst moments in life can be tied to a love relationship.† [] According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, there are three components of love using the triangular theory of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Different combinations of these three components result in different types of love. For example, a combination of intimacy and commitment results in compassionate love, while a combination of passion and intimacy leads to passionate love. These three components are seen in various combinations to evidence different types of love. According to Sternberg, there are eight types of love formed through the various combinations of the three components of love, they are: Non-love, Liking, Infatuation, Empty Love, Romantic Love, Companionate Love, Fatuous Love, and Consummate Love. The theory characterizes love within the context of interpersonal relationships. 1. Components of love According to Sternberg, the three basic love components differ with respect to a number of properties, including stability and conscious controllability. For example, the intimacy and decision/commitment components are usually fairly stable in close relationships. Once we develop feelings of intimacy for someone and become committed to the relationship we have with that person, these features tend to endure over time. The passion component, however, tends to be less stable and predictable. In addition, although people possess agreat deal of conscious control over the commitment that they make to a relationship, and even some degree of control over their feelings of intimacy, they usually have very little conscious control over the amount of passion that they experience for their partners. a. Passion Passion is the strong feeling of affection to the partner. â€Å"Passion is the motivational component that fuels romantic feelings, physical attraction and the desire for sexual interaction. Passion instills a deep desire to be united with the loved one. In a sense, passion is like an addiction, because its capacity to provide intense stimulation and pleasure can exert a powerful craving in a person.† [] Passion is when a person has physical attraction with someone and the desire to express himself sexually to them. Passion differentiates romantic love from other types of love. It is all about physiological arousal. Passion is the fastest of the three components, but it can be the first to fade in a long-term relationship. The passion component is motivational in nature and consists of the drives that are involved in romantic and physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena. Although passion takes the form of sexuality in many love relationships, Sternberg suggested that other needs (including the need for affiliation, for dominance over others, and for self-esteem) can contribute to the experience of passion. b. Intimacy Intimacy is the state of having close physical attraction with somebody. Intimacy tends to appreciate the partner. â€Å"Intimacy is the emotional component of love that encompasses the sense of being bonded with another person. It includes feelings of warmth, sharing, and emotional closeness. Intimacy also embraces a willingness to help the other and an openness to sharing private thoughts and feelings with the beloved.† [] Intimacy is the feeling of being close to someone. It happens when a person feels that they are sharing themselves with someone that is considered being intimate. When a person shares a bond with someone, that person gives and receives emotional support. Intimacy is present in many different types of relationships, not just romantic ones. The feelings between best friends could be called intimate but not mean anything sexual at all. The intimacy component of love is primarily emotional in nature and involves feelings of warmth, closeness, connection, and bonding in the love relationship. Signs of intimacy include wanting to promote the welfare of the loved one; experiencing happiness, mutual understanding, and intimate communication with the loved one; having high regard for the loved one; giving and receiving emotional support; being able to count on the loved one in times of need; sharing oneself and one’s possessions with the loved one; and valuing the presence of the loved one in one’s life. c. Commitment Commitment is the component of love which tends to be in the behavioral aspect of a person. â€Å"Commitment is the thinking or cognitive aspect of love. It refers to the conscious decision to love another and to maintain a relationship over despite difficulties that may arise.† [] Decision or commitment has two aspects. The first decision that a person loves another person and would be the short term aspect. The second decision is the commitment to form and maintain a relationship and would be the long term aspect rather. When relationships last a long time, commitment is playing a major role. People tend to choose a partner based on their similarities, attractiveness and whether or not that person would be interested in them. Needless to say, it didn’t work out mainly because the similarity couldn’t withstand the difference in age. The decision/commitment component of love is primarily cognitive in nature and represents both the short-term decision that one individual loves another and the long-term commitment to maintain that love. 1. Types of love Love takes many forms. Love exists between parent and child and between family members. Love between friends, known to the ancient Greeks as philia, involves concern for the other’s well-being. Lovers may experience some other additional types of love, like passionate love and companionate love. A relationship (whether romantic in nature, familial, or casual) may go through any or all of the eight classifications of love. a. Non-love Non-love is the absence of all three of Sternberg’s components of love. â€Å"Non-love does not contain any component of love. Non-love does not contain intimacy, passion, or commitment and is experienced through casual acquaintances such as therapists, teachers, neighbors, etc.† [] Love is the strong feeling of deep affection for somebody. Non-love in this case defines a feeling of emptiness, or in short no love exists at all. Non-love can be experienced during break-ups and with persons having third parties. This can affect someone’s perception of life and will be difficult to recover. b. Liking â€Å"Liking details a relationship based on intimacy, but not passion or commitment. The characteristic of Liking is having close, intimate friendships with no long-term commitment; an example of Liking is developing an intimate friendship with a neighbor, but because commitment and passion are missing if either neighbor moves away, the relationship is not maintained.† [] Liking/friendship in this case is not used in a trivial sense. A psychologist said, particularly Dr. Sternberg, that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels a bond, warmth, and closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment. c. Infatuation Infatuation is the absence of the two main components of love while existing in the presence of passion. â€Å"Infatuation is a relationship based on passion, with no intimacy or commitment. Infatuation is characterized by passionate attraction on sight, and an example of such would be a one night stand.† [] Infatuation is purely based on a person’s strong feelings of love, hatred, anger, enthusiasm, etc. Romantic relationships often start out as infatuated love and become romantic love as intimacy develops over time. Without developing intimacy or commitment, infatuated love may disappear suddenly. d. Empty love Empty love is love without the feeling and the bonding. This love is commonly seen among short-term unmarried relationships, in which the couple stays only because there is a responsibility. â€Å"Empty Love is a relationship based on commitment, lacking any intimacy or passion. An example of Empty Love is a couple staying in a marriage or relationship for the â€Å"sake of the children.† Empty Love is characterized by a lack of emotional warmth or heat of passion where partners tolerate each other because of a false sense of duty, obligation, or fear of change.† [] Empty love is characterized by commitment without intimacy or passion. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships may begin as empty love and develop into one of the other forms. e. Romantic love â€Å"Romantic Love is a relationship based on passion and intimacy; however, it lacks commitment. Romantic Love is characterized by a couple who are emotionally and physically drawn to one another without the commitment of a long-term relationship. Romantic lovers look at each other through â€Å"rose colored glasses† not seeing each other’s flaws.† [] Romantic love bonds individuals emotionally through intimacy and physically through passionate arousal, but neither is sustained without commitment. f. Companionate love Companionate love is an intimate, non-passionate type of love that is stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment. Sexual desire is not an element of companionate love. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship but a deep affection and commitment remain. The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a platonic but strong friendship. â€Å"Companionate Love is based on intimacy and commitment without the wild fire of passion. Companionate Love is characterized by a committed friendship and shared intimacy; an example of Companionate Love is a marriage whose passion has dwindled or a very close and intimate friendship that has survived through distance, hardship, and time.† [] g. Fatuous love â€Å"Fatuous Love is based on passion and commitment, but lacks intimacy. Fatuous Love is where passion and commitment are combined before true intimacy can develop; an example would be a marriage commitment based on passionate sex which over times loses its passionate nature, and since the couple didn’t share intimate conversations, goals, and dreams, the marriage is ended when it is realized the couple are not a good match.† [] Fatuous love is exemplified in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. h. Consummate love â€Å"Consummate Love involves intimacy, commitment, and passion. Consummate Love is when a couple are perfectly matched in passion, intimacy, and commitment, and it is the ideal that most people try to achieve.† [] Consummate love is the complete form of love, representing an ideal relationship toward which people strive. Of the eight varieties of love, consummate love is theorized to be that love associated with the â€Å"perfect couple†. â€Å"According to Sternberg, such couples will continue to have great sex fifteen years or more into the relationship, they can not imagine themselves happy over the long-term with anyone else, they overcome their few difficulties gracefully, and each delight in the relationship with one other. However, Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. â€Å"Without expression,† he warns, â€Å"even the greatest of loves can die†. Thus, consummate love may not be permanent. If passion is lost over time, it may change into companionate love.† [] B. Lust Lust is a large physical attraction for an individual, which is sometimes uncontrollable and completely unreasonable. Lust is often confused with love. Looking at someone lustfully invariably involves the powerful inward desire or instinct to share physical intimacy with that person. The inward desire of the mind for intimacy, need not be considered only in terms of excessive and inappropriate desire for sexual intercourse — although this is included.â€Å"Of course, there is no moral difference between sexual intercourse. If intercourse before marriage is sinful — and it is — then sexual gratification before marriage is also sinful. No one is exempt from the temptation to lust. Therefore, we must take every care to avoid harbouring impure thoughts by rejecting them whenever they first enter our minds.† [] â€Å"We must take every care to avoid setting ourselves deliberately into any situation where we know that we will be exposed to this or a similar temptation.†[] Sex drive is the another term for lust. â€Å"The sex drive (libido or lust) is characterized by the craving for sexual gratification; it is often directed toward many partners. In mammals, the sex drive is associated primarily with the estrogens and androgens, particularly testosterone, are central to sexual desire in both men and women. Studies of human sexual arousal show that specific networks of brain activation are associated with the sex drive.† [] Drives lie along a continuum. Some, such as thirst and the need for warmth, can rarely be extinguished until satisfied, while the sex drive and the maternal instinct can be redirected. Falling in love appears to be near the base of this continuum. For example, romantic love is considerably stronger than the sex drive. Since romantic love is a universal and powerful human mating drive, it must have evolved. 1. Sexual arousal In men and women, sexual desire can anticipate arousal. It is an arousal caused by direct genital stimulation. Direct genital stimulation is more powerful and quicker in men than in women. As a result of the reciprocity between desire and arousal and neurobiological overlapping, physiological signs of arousal are already in play. Sexual arousal, or sexual excitement, is the arousal of sexual desire, during or in anticipation of sexual activity. Things that precipitate human sexual arousal are called erotic stimuli, or colloquially known as a turn-on. Sexual arousal usually leads to physiological changes in the aroused person, some of which are pronounced while others are more subtle. â€Å"Given the right context, these may lead to the person desiring physical contact, including kissing, cuddling, and petting of the erogenous zones. This may in turn make the person desire direct sexual stimulation of those parts of their body which would normally be out of bounds, such as breasts, nipples, buttocks and/or genitals, and to sexual activity.† [] When a couple is sexually aroused with each other they tend to do on displaying their affection to their partner. The arousal is due to the rapid increase of the hormones and this is the reason for the strong sensation of the couple to display their affection in more intense than before. These intense affection may result to a more immoral and unethical practice of public display of affection (PDA). 2. Aggresiveness Aggresiveness is marked by combative readiness. Aggression or aggressiveness of any person indulging in PDA means there is a sexual activity he wants to.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sexual aggressiveness has biological, physical and emotional aspects. Biologically, it refers to the reproductive mechanism and the basic biological drive that exists in all species. Emotional aspects deal with the intense personal bonds and emotions generated between sexual partners by a sexual activity. Physical issues around sexuality range from purely medical considerations to concerns about the physiological , psychological and sociological aspects of sexual behavior.† [] The gender of the person is a factor that plays a big role in human aggression. It is evidently seen in males and females, proven by history. a. Men There is evidence that differences in socialization, cognition and personality may help explain gender-based disparity in rates of anti-social, as well as violent behaviors. Gender differences in cognition, socialization, and behavior may exist as early as infancy. Boys are more easily angered and depend more on inputs from their mother’s. Psychologists show that the ways which females and males are socialized affect their development. Males learn to value independence, while females are taught that their self-worth depends on their ability to maintain relationships. b. Women Females are considered less aggressive than males in a relationship. Men usually tend to be the more dominant in a relationship while women usually obey what the males want to do, but in our generation both males and females are considered to be the equal in every relationship. Girls are shielded by moral sense, which directs them away from harming others. The ethical sensitivity may counterbalance the effects of family issues. Females are known to display more self-control than males. Females are more verbally skilled, which is a skill that can help them in dealing with obstacles they may come across without reacting with violence. When girls are aggressive, they are more likely to hide their behavior from adults than males. Girls are expected to form closer relationships with their friends and share feelings, while boys tend to act out on their feelings in inappropriate ways. C. Influential factors 1. Media Most of the influence of the mass media on interpersonal relationships is the powerful influence of advertising. Commercial messages influence how people feel about themselves and their image to others. Commercial messages influence what a person’s expectations are about themselves, about others, about what their lives should be like. For most people, these expectations are usually unrealistic and for some, can be damaging to their self esteem which directly affects how they relate to others. 2. Other couples doing PDA So long as you practice discretion and engage in such activities in a tasteful manner, being affectionate in public should never be offensive to others. Just like a smile or laughter, this expression of happiness can also be contagious. To see other couples holding hands or exchanging a brief kiss in public often makes others get a warm and fuzzy feeling too. Hopefully, they pass it on. Sure, you may hear the occasional â€Å"Get a room† but those comments usually stem from others who are merely jealous of the happiness you two share and are likely to be missing something in their own relationship. 3. Reading of pornographic articles In attempting to support and strengthen relationships, the topic of pornography is one that must be addressed. This article is not to preach or evangelize, nor is it to discuss morality or ethics. It is however important that couples understand the possible ramifications of a phenomenon that may impact their relationship. As unpopular as it may be, this article is an attempt to shed light on what many couples may face as society becomes more accepting of increasingly graphic, stark, and violent pornography. 4. Emotional ties Couples usually have emotional ties between each other. It is a must because a person or a couple is in love. This bring much emotions in the individuals and creates a strong bind to that couple that would made them feel that the person they currently love is the one for them and they would feel 100% that they must be loyal to their partner and show the intimate love they can give to them as long as they felt the same love they are giving to them. This is the point where the PDA (public display of affection) becomes more intimate and intense, this brings to the mind of other people to be unethical and immoral but to the couple doing it PDA is a good presentation of how they partner. It is emotionally tied to them and expressed the love for them. There is nothing bad having emotional ties with your partner, as long as the person is having his limitations, it is good. Having emotional ties means that a couple is really at the peak of their relationship and it is natural to feel it beca use it is a part of being in-love. IV. PDA and relationship Most people say that they hate PDA and can’t stand the ones who indulge in these ‘perverse’ activities. But given an opportunity, no one would mind staring at an intimate sight unless they are being watched back. â€Å"Your partner should become to you someone very special, as the relationship between the both of you develops. But this special relationship can only develop properly and honorably when it is built upon a wholehearted commitment , and upon mutual trust and respect. Mutual trust and respect; however, cannot be engendered and developed apart from complete purity and honour — in body and in mind. Our conduct must always be above reproach.† [] â€Å"This is the basis upon which mutual trust and respect first germinates, and then begins to grow. When we have found the right partner, then this growth will flourish eventually into love: the pure, deep, satisfying and honourable love associated with trust, respect and the wholehearted desire.† [] â€Å"Trust and respect is the foundation the couple must lay, and upon which they must build as they seek to develop a relationship with your partner. This foundation must apply to all stages of courtship — from the first dates, right through to (and including) the period of engagement.† [] A. In a married relationship The exploration route of life that a married relationship takes depends on what the couple wants to experience together during their lifetime. There are some people who want children to enter married relationship while other couples choose to go childless and spend their lifetime traveling to exotic places, enjoying what the world has to offer. This proves that marriage is an â€Å"opener† of a new world, opening the way to mutualism and separates them to the rest. This means PDA is less but relationship is stronger. There are no inappropriate decisions to be made in a married relationship. Living a good life is a decision that is made by two people, and does not need the approval of the rest of the world in order to function properly. There are clergy, and guidance counselors that might be able to help guide a couple on their quest for a good relationship, but the journey starts with the two of them. This means that the couple knows each other fully and the two knows if there’s love binding them or not. Married couples indulging in PDA are only using it to notice that the partner’s presence is there. 1. Without children Married life is fulfilling in itself. Some couples want to have children in their lives, and some don’t. Those who decide not to, have a great oppotunity to live a fulfilled life, loving and providing for their spouse’s needs. Being married without children allows a couple to really get to know themselves in a more intimate level. The time and attention aren’t divided, allowing them to devote themselves more fully to their partner and to the things the couple enjoys together. But also, the couple must also limit their PDAs so that they can focus on all of their work. In a married life without children, a couple has an independent PDA. 2. With children A married relationship is a new setting that the couple find themselves in a new way of looking at life and coming to terms with each other’s perspectives. Getting into married relationship after a thoroughly enjoyable bachelor’s life takes time to settle down. By then, there is a tough decision of when to have kids. Doing PDA even when the couple has their son/daughter is a sort of sweetness in a home. It only makes the relationship stronger and more enjoyable. 3. With grandsons and grandaughters Parents often rely on parents to help raise their children in this confusing and complex world. Grandparents would do well not to squander the opportunity given to them. The PDA in this kind of situation is much more less, lesser than a married life with children. PDA now here is scarce, but the scarcity of your PDA is much more filled with love, with passion. On this peak of your life, being a PDA doer is like commitment, since the time you two got married and has gone strong through the years. â€Å"This proves that the major components of love is passion, commitment, and intimacy.† [] B. In a boyfriend / girlfriend relationship A girlfriend or a boyfriend is an individual with whom one shares a romantic relationship. He/she is your consultant to all things, a shoulder to cry on. Having PDA with your boyfriend /girlfriend is much more free, but liberal. Those couples do it for love, but because of being liberal, they deny the criticisms of people around them, yet, they only accept the compliments. 1. Adolescent relationships One of the most exciting aspects about going to school for an adolescent is also one of the most difficult: the possibility of romantic relationships. Teens may be idealized of a boyfriend or girlfriend as an attractive person with whom they can date, and develop an intimate relationship. Of course it isn’t always as simple as this. Adolescents always have a liberal mind and can do anything for curiosity. While teenage romantic relationships are difficult, they are a necessary part of growing up in our society, as in the process of ending a relationship as a teen. Parents are often concerned with their son/daughter’s reaction to a relationship ending. They are alarmed of the PDA they are doing. The loss of a relationship during adolescence is particularly difficult because of the high probability that these teens will see each other very often, whether they attend the same school or have the same friends. Seeing an ex boyfriend/girlfriend regularly makes the difficult process of moving-on even more difficult. Teens become so distracted that their focus on academics may shift and they may begin to struggle with grades. And teens divert the hurt to a new boyfriend/girlfriend to lessen the pain, and do eye-catching PDAs to hurt their former boyfriend/girlfriend. â€Å"Pain is nature’s way of saying that something was wrong. Pain is therefore our best teacher. Let’s learn from this. Do understand that everything in life doesn’t last forever. Some things will fail, in spite of our best efforts. Look at the other significant relationships in your personal life (siblings, parents, friends, colleagues). Try to enhance these, because some of these may have been neglected when you were high on love.† [] 2. Young adult relationships How young is â€Å"too young† to start a relationship? It depends on the individual’s level of maturity, goals, and beliefs. Very much often the younger we are, the less mature we are due to a lack of life experience. When we are just beginning to figure out who we are, we may not be firmly grounded enough spirituality to form solid romantic attachments, and become more prone to making unwise decisions that can leave us with emotional, physical, psychlogical, and spiritual damage. Being in a relationship puts one in almost constant temptation, especially as emotions begin to develop and the attraction to that person deepens. Young teens (even older teens) are besieged by harmnal and societal pressures that seem at times almost unbearable. Such early relationships make more difficult to avoid damage to the delicate and still-forming self-image, not to mention the problem of resisting temptation. So developing a mutual relation in this age is very hard because temptation to the opposite sex is something like lust. So couples must be cautious of their PDA because PDA tends to be a â€Å"temptation starter†. 3. Adult (Mature) relationships Relationships come in many shapes and sizes, but all of them require maturity to create a lasting emotional bond. Starting a relationship is the easy part, but making it last requires patience and understanding. Learning to overlook mistakes and to look forward into the future are the key elements of a mature relationship. â€Å"Most people think of love as a feeling but love is not much a feeling as a way of being present. It is a kind of being in love with â€Å"love† to discover one’s self. PDA in this relationship is much more understandable and is a first step to mutual relation.† [] C. Third parties A third party is the involvement of a single person to a couple intimately and romantically. Being in a third party is really bad, as if you’re wrecking a relationship. What if you’re on the shoes of the person being cheated on, how would you feel? We also have what we call â€Å"Karma†. Some clever people say that being a third party is also a good thing to make the couple realize that they’re not meant for each other. It’s better if you commit a person who’s not taken, yet just to things legal. PDA is like a law of motion, if there’s any action, there’s equal and opposite reaction. The equal reaction is having a mutual relation while the opposite means break-up. D. Break – up A relationship break-up, simply referred to as breakup, is the termination of a usually intimate relationship by any means other than death. The term is less likely to be applied to a married couple, where a break-up is typically called a separation or divorce. Being in a break-up means the love has gone, died. This means that when you do PDA, your partner is never happy of what you two do and his/her feelings’ filled with no other but lust. The other thinks that his/her love is empty love so he/she decides to end it because the relationship is worthless. It isn’t right to continue. â€Å"After a break-up has passed understand the pain. Do not get into revenge mode, what’s done is done. Do not blame yourself for what has happened. Then, refocus on your life. Look at all the things in your life that you had not focused on while you were in a relationship. Revisit your goals and dreams. Lastly is to celebrate life.† [] E. PDA Interactions Doing PDA means interaction with your partner. This interaction means love. Love emerges from the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, a mature devotion that overcomes basic differences between men and women. To love means to care, to recognize the essential humanity of the other person, to have an active regard for the person’s development. But there are also issues involving PDA. These are issues about private space exposing one’s body on sexual areas to a another person and feeling about trusting another to accept one’s body. PDA is not just the objectivity of the act but is also for the sake of the doer. Public displays of affection are par for the course in every relationship someone is in, so it’s worth learning the rules. Granted, every woman and every relationship is different and will need some fine tuning, but the general limits of what is acceptable and what isn’t will be constant across the board. 1. Acceptable a. Holding hands Two or more people voluntarily hold hands for the purpose of expressing love or to enjoy physical intimacy. In PDA holding hands is a sign to a couple that they are connected to each other for they are in-love. It is the most common form of PDA and it is an acceptable form of affection and considered moral and ethical. Holding hands is the act of grabbing a girlfriend/boyfriend’s hand in public, whether to lead that person in the right direction or just to feel close to the person, and it is just fine in about any setting. It isn’t intimate enough to make the people around the couple squeamish, but it is intimate enough to let someone’s partner see it as a sign of affection and a declaration of two people’s status as a couple. b. Kissing A kiss is the act of pressing one’s lips against the lips or other body parts of another. Cultural connotations of kissing vary widely. A kiss may be used to express sentiments of love, passion, affection, respect, greeting, friendship, and good luck, among many others. The act of kissing has become a common expression of affection among many cultures worldwide. As a greeting, kissing is most definitely on the â€Å"acceptable† list and is fairly standard in most relationships. Obviously, this extends to personal social situations, and can be bypassed in professional arenas. To keep kisses acceptable, keep them brief and abstain from continued tongue action throughout the course of an outing. c. Hugging A hug is a form of physical intimacy, not necessarily sexual, that usually involves closing or holding the arms around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of love and affection, along with kissing, unlike some other forms of physical intimacy. Cuddling seems to be an all right option. It gives the closeness that makes the couple feel good without offending too many people around. There are always those who frown on any contact between couples beyond an escort-like arm to a function. But having an arm about another and snuggling close is all right. Cuddling or hugging is harmless and less annoying than other displays of affection.